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RESUMEN En abril de 2002, un grupo de investigadores suecos dio a conocer que algunos alimentos ricos en almidón y pobres en proteínas, sometidos a procesos con temperaturas mayores a 120 °C (fritura, horneado, asado y tostado) contenían el procancerígeno conocido como acrilamida, un "probable carcinógeno para los humanos" -mutágeno de categoría 2 y tóxico para la reproducción de categoría 3 según la Unión Europea-, comportándose como neurotóxico tras exposiciones agudas. La revisión tiene como objetivo mostrar una actualización de los avances en investigaciones sobre la toxicidad de la acrilamida como un aspecto preocupante en el tema alimentario, y exponer los mecanismos de la formación de este compuesto en los alimentos, sus efectos tóxicos, los métodos analíticos usados en su determinación, los niveles detectados en distintos alimentos y estudios recientes sobre su ingesta. Para ello se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, LILACS y ClinicalKey. Los estudios epidemiológicos llevan poco tiempo, y en su mayoría son inconsistentes respecto al cáncer en humanos, no obstante, se complementan con el empleo de biomarcadores, donde se obtienen resultados en cuanto a la toxicidad cancerígena y no cancerígena más fiables, con menor margen de error. Por el momento, la única recomendación para mitigar su exposición es la divulgación sobre los riesgos del consumo excesivo de alimentos fritos, demasiado tostados o procesados, y seguir una dieta equilibrada y saludable.
ABSTRACT In April 2002, a group of Swedish researchers revealed that some foods rich in starch and poor in protein, subjected to processes with temperatures above 120 °C (frying, baking, roasting and toasting) contained the procancerogen known as acrylamide, a "probable carcinogen for human"-mutagen of category 2 and toxic to category 3 reproduction according to European Union-behaving as neurotoxic after acute exposures. The review aims to show an update of the advances in research on the toxicity of acrylamide as a worrying aspect in the food issue, and to expose the mechanisms of formation of this compound in food, its toxic effects, the analytical methods used in its determination, the levels detected in different foods, and recent studies on its intake. For that, searches were conducted in PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and ClinicalKey. Epidemiological studies take a short time, and are mostly inconsistent with respect to cancer in human. However, they are complemented using biomarkers where results are obtained in terms of the most reliable carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic toxicity, with less margins of error. For now, the only recommendation to mitigate exposition is to divulge the risk of excessive consumption of fried, very roasted or processed foods, and to follow an equilibrated and healthy diet.
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@#Objective To compare and analyze the occupational exposure limit（OEL）of hexavalent chromium compounds in China and foreign countries. Methods The OEL and background information of hexavalent chromium compounds released by nine official and unofficial organizations in seven countries/regions were collected and sorted. The classification，limit levels， formulation principles and compound characteristics labeling of OEL were compared. Results The OEL values published by nine organizations ranged from 0.000 02 to 0.050 00 mg/m3 . Among them，the limits of seven organizations（including China） did not clearly distinguish the soluble types of hexavalent chromium compounds；the limits of eight organizations（including China）were calculated in terms of chromium；seven organizations（including China）have only developed OEL for long-term exposure. The OEL of hexavalent chromium in China was 0.050 00 mg/m3 which is relatively loose. Its carcinogenicity label was consistent with international standards，its sensitization label was consistent with some countries，and its percutaneous absorption label had not been included in the characteristic labeling of limit values. Conclusion It is suggested that the OEL of hexavalent chromium in China should be revised timely，and the systemic adverse effects caused by percutaneous absorption of hexavalent chromium compounds should be focused on. At the same time，it is recommended to systematically adjust the management concepts and principles of all carcinogens.
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Resumo O agrotóxico malathion vem sendo amplamente utilizado no mundo em programas de controle de arboviroses e em 2015 foi classificado pela Agência Internacional para Pesquisas em Câncer (IARC) como provável agente carcinogênico para seres humanos. Este trabalho objetivou a sistematização das evidências dos efeitos carcinogênicos e mutagênicos associados à exposição do malathion e seus análogos, malaoxon e isomalathion. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados TOXLINE, PUBMED e SCOPUS por artigos originais publicados de 1983 a 2015. Do total de 273 artigos elegíveis, foram selecionados 73. Os resultados dos estudos in vitro e in vivo evidenciaram danos genéticos e cromossômicos provocados pelo malathion; os estudos epidemiológicos evidenciaram associações significativamente positivas para cânceres de tireóide, de mama, e ovariano em mulheres na menopausa. Estas evidências do efeito carcinogênico do malathion devem ser considerados diante de sua utilização em programas de controle de arboviroses.
Abstract Malathion has been widely used worldwide in arbovirus control programs. In 2015, it was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a probable carcinogen to humans. This work aimed to systematize the evidence of the carcinogenic and mutagenic effects associated with the exposure of malathion and its analogs, malaoxon and isomalathion. The search was carried out in Toxline, PubMed and Scopus databases for original papers published from 1983 to 2015. In all, 73 papers were selected from a total of 273 eligible papers. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies showed mainly genetic and chromosomal damages caused by malathion. The epidemiological studies evidenced significant positive associations for thyroid, breast, and ovarian cancers in menopausal women. This evidence of the carcinogenic effect of malathion should be considered before its use in arbovirus control programs.
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Humans , Female , Malathion/toxicity , Mutagens/toxicityABSTRACT
Herbal toxicity is a field that has rapidly grown over the last few years along with increased use of herbal products worldwide. People prefer using herbal medicines rather than allopathic because herbals are considered safe. Use of herbal medicines from ancient times does not ensure their complete safety. With the growing awareness regarding pharmacovigilance worldwide, there has been an increase in the number of reported adverse events occurring with the use of herbal products. The objective of the study is to aware the researchers about most commonly used Indian medicinal herbs inducing carcinogenicity like Aloe vera, Ginkgo biloba, Kava kava, etc.
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Carcinogenic test is an important part of non-clinical safety evaluation of new drugs, which aims to evaluate and predict the human carcinogenic risk in long-term drug use by examining the potential carcinogenic effects of drugs on animals. Historical control data may be vital in the interpretation of rare tumors and unexpected increases or decreases of tumors in treated animals compared to controls. Foreign institutions have accumulated a considerable amount of historical control data that can be attributed to the pathological working group and peer review. Such data is valuable and referable, and can be used as a reliable comparator for concurrent study-specific control data. Different experimental animal strains have evolved in history from the F344 rat and B6C3F1 mice, which were traditionally employed by the National Toxicology Program (NTP), to the SD rats, CD-1 mice, and Wistar rats that were routinely used by industrial firms, and finally to the strains of the p53+/- and Tg.rasH2 transgenic mice. It is true that each strain of rodent animal used in carcinogenicity test has different characters in tumorigenesis. Carcinogenicity tests are increasing in China, but the background data that can be referred to is limited so that how to accumulate and use our own historical control data has become challenging. This article summarizes and compares the tumor lesion data of the collected rodent animals, and concludes that different strains have specific types of tumors with gender-related difference.
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Objective @#To investigate the characteristics and the chronic health risks of metals in fine particulate matter（PM2.5） of Wucheng District,Jinhua .@*Methods@#The PM2.5 samples were collected in Wucheng District of Jinhua from the year 2015 to 2017.Chromium(Cr), manganese (Mn),nickel(Ni),arsenic(As),selenium(Se),cadmium(Cd),antimony(Sb),lead(Pb),beryllium(Be),aluminum(Al),thallium（Tl）and mercury（Hg） were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. The health risks of the metals were assessed based on the standard method recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency .@*Results@#From 2015 to 2017,the average concentration of PM2.5 in Wucheng District was（53.42±26.95）μg/m3,and the average concentration of PM2.5 in each season and each year were significantly different（P<0.05）. The median（interquartile range）concentration of metal elements in PM2.5 was 136.66（117.14）ng/m3,with higher concentration of Al,Pb,Mn,Cd and Se. From 2016 to 2017,the average concentration of Cd exceeded the reference limit（5.00 ng/m3）. The median （interquartile range） concentration of metal elements in PM2.5 in winter was 175.12（132.45）ng/m3,the highest,and in summer was 92.55（52.81）ng/m3,the lowest. The total hazard quotient（HQ）of nine kinds of metal elements in PM2.5 was 2.90;the HQ of As,Be,Ni,Se,Hg,Al,Mn and Sb were all less than 1,except Cd. The total carcinogenic risk of five kinds of metal elements in PM2.5 was more than 10-6,among which the carcinogenic risk of As and Cd were more than 10-6,and the carcinogenic risk of Be,Pb and Ni were less than 10-6 .@*Conclusion@#The concentrations of Al,Pb,Mn,Cd and Se in PM2.5 of Wucheng District were higher and the concentration of Cd exceeded the reference limit. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of Cd were both higher,the carcinogenic risk of As was also higher.
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Objective To conduct metal elements analysis and risk assessment of carcinogenicity on Particulate Matter 2.5 ( PM2.5) collected from Shenzhen and Taiyuan. Methods PM2.5 samples were collected in Shenzhen and Taiyuan from 2017 to 2018. Ten heavy metal elements in PM2.5 samples were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Health risk assessment was conducted using the recommended United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) model. Results Metal elements found in PM2.5 samples from Shenzhen included (in decreasing order of concentration) Al, Pb, Mn, Cr, Cu, V, As, Ni, Cd and Co. Their levels were 1 807.67, 31.02, 30.63, 17.37, 17.32, 11.59, 6.98, 4.76, 2.24, 2.20 ng/m3, respectively. Metal elements in PM2.5 samples from Taiyuan included Al, Mn, Pb, Cr, Cu, As, Ni, V, Cd and Co. Their levels were 2 817.64, 91.04, 63.33, 26.56, 24.69, 11.82, 10.39, 4.46, 3.42, 1.01 ng/m3, respectively. There were significant differences among Pb, Mn, As, Ni levels between Shenzhen and Taiyuan (all P1.00×10-4), then followed by As, Ni and Cd (1.00×10-6-1.00×10-4). Pb had the lowest risk (<1.00×10-6). Conclusion Some of the metal elements in PM2.5 samples collected from Shenzhen and Taiyuan have carcinogenicity risk. Further researches and measures for prevention and control should be considered.
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A Working Group of the Monographs programme of the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified smokeless tobacco as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). This review article summarizes the data that support the evaluations of sufficient evidence in humans and in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of smokeless tobacco whether used alone or with betel quid. It also identifies compounds of smokeless tobacco relevant to carcinogenicity (prominently tobacco-specific nitrosamines) and addiction (nicotine). The epidemiological evidence is summarized for oral cancer, other cancers associated with smokeless tobacco and oral potentially malignant lesions with a focus on analytical studies from the SEARO Region. Studies on cancer in experimental animals are summarized with a focus on studies applying smokeless tobacco products typical for the regions, such as mishri and naswar.
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Berberine-containing goldenseal root has been classified into Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) by International Agency for Research on Cancer based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It was also confirmed that ultrahigh concentration berberine can induce DNA damage in cultured cells. Thus, two articles in Journal of Japan Medical Association advocated carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity of oren, obaku, and daio considering that ingredients of daio and berberine contained in oren and obaku can cause DNA damage. However, many fallacies and arbitrary descriptions are observed in the two articles. The concentration of berberine that caused toxicity in the experiments is extremely higher than the possible concentration in humans taking Kampo medicine. Although no studies have shown carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity of oren or obaku, the advocates in the articles were played up by a weekly magazine causing unreasonable anxiety to patients. Here, we present scientific counterarguments against the fallacies of the articles.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of paclobutrazol in SD rats. METHODS: Specific pathogen free SD rats at the age of weaning were randomly divided into control group and low-,medium-,and high-dose groups according the body weight,with 120 rats in each group,half male and half female. The study of combined chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity test in rats was carried out in 2 years by feeding the rats with paclobutrazol. The doses in the 4 groups were 0. 0,11. 7,48. 5 and 193. 9 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) for female rats and 0. 0,13. 5,54. 2 and 241. 9 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1) for male rats. The body weight of rats was weighted during the experiment. The blood routine,blood biochemistry,organ coefficient and histopathology examinations were performed at the end of paclobutrazol exposure. The mortality and tumor incidence in rats were calculated. RESULTS: The decrease of body weights in female and male rats in dose groups was observed at 1-2 weeks after the experiment,compared with the same sex control group at the same time point( P < 0. 05).At the end of the exposure,the body weights of female and male rats in all three dose groups were lower than that in the same sex rats of control group( P < 0. 05). The mortality rates of female and male rats in the four groups were not significantly different( P > 0. 05). The brain organ coefficients of female rats in the three dose groups were higher than those female rats in the control group( P < 0. 05). The organ coefficients of liver,kidney and ovary of female rats in highdose group were higher than that of female rats in control group( P < 0. 05). The level of total bilirubin in male rats in the three dose groups was lower than that in control group( P < 0. 05). The organ coefficients of brain and lung in male rats in the medium-and high-dose groups were higher than that in the control group( P < 0. 05). The liver organ coefficient in male rats in the high-dose group was higher than that in the control group( P < 0. 05). A total of 244 rats had 402 spontaneous tumors with a tumor incidence rate of 50. 8%(244/480). The incidence of tumor in control,low-,mediumand high-dose groups were 61. 7%( 74/120), 42. 5%( 51/120), 50. 0%( 60/120) and 49. 2%( 59/120)respectively. There was no statistical significance in the incidence of tumors in three dose groups compared with that of the control group. CONCLUSION: Under the dose conditions designed in this study,the lowest observed adverse effect level of paclobutrazol were 11. 7 and 13. 5 mg · kg~(-1)· d~(-1) in females and males respectively. Paclobutrazol was not found carcinogenic to SD rats.
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Introdução: o óleo de copaíba é o composto extraído do tronco da copaibeira (Copaifera sp.) que tem sido utilizado na medicina popular desde a chegada dos portugueses ao Brasil. Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar possíveis efeitos carcinogênicos e/ ou anticarcinogênicos do óleo de copaíba (Copaifera officinalis L.), por meio do teste para detecção de clones de tumores epiteliais (warts) em Drosophila melanogaster. Metodologia: foram preparadas três soluções de óleo de copaíba, nas proporções de 0,5%, 1% e 2%. Nessas soluções foram cultivadas Drosophilas melanogaster expostas simultaneamente à doxorrubicina na concentração de 0,4 mM, agente conhecidamente cancerígeno, também utilizado como controle positivo na presente pesquisa. Para controle negativo foi utilizado Tween 80 (1%). O tratamento foi realizado com todas as larvas descendentes do cruzamento de fêmeas wts/ TM3 com machos mwh/mwh. Resultados: o óleo de copaíba apresentou atividade carcinogênica quando utilizado isoladamente na concentração 2%, visto que houve aumento estatisticamente significativo (p ≤ 0,05) na frequência de tumores em comparação com o controle negativo. Além disso, evidenciou-se potencialização do efeito carcinogênico da doxorrubicina nas concentrações 0,5% e 1%, uma vez que houve um aumento estatisticamente significativo (p ≤ 0,05) na frequência de tumores nessas concentrações, quando associadas à DXR, em comparação com o controle positivo. Conclusão: os resultados evidenciaram o efeito carcinogênico isolado do óleo de copaíba, bem como seu efeito potencializador quando associado à doxorrubicina.
Introduction: the copaiba oil is a compound extracted from the trunk of the copaiba tree (Copaifera sp.) that has been used in popular medicine since the arrival of the Portuguese in Brazil. Purpose: this study aimed to evaluate the possible carcinogenic and/ or anticarcinogenic effects of the copaiba oil (Copaifera officinalis L.) through the test for detection of epithelial tumor clones (warts) in Drosophila melanogaster. Methodology: three solutions of copaiba oil were prepared in the proportions 0,5%, 1% and 2%. In these solutions were cultivated Drosophilas melanogaster previously exposed to doxorubicin at a 0.4 mM concentration, admittedly carcinogenic agent, which was also used for positive control in the present research. For negative control Tween 80 (1%) was used. The treatment was performed on all larvae descendant of the crossing of females wts/TM3 with males mwh/mwh. Results: the results showed that the copaiba oil presented carcinogenic activity when used in isolation at the concentration of 2%, seeing that there was a statistically significant increase (p ≤ 0,05) in tumor frequency in comparison to the negative control. Moreover, there was a potentiation of doxorubicin's carcinogenic effect at concentrations 0,5% and 1%, since there was a statistically significant increase (p ≤ 0,05) of tumor frequency in these concentrations, when associated to DXR, in comparison to the positive control. Conclusion: the results evidenced the isolated carcinogenic effect of copaiba oil, as well as its potentiating effect when associated with doxorubicin
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Animals , Male , Female , Plants, Medicinal , Doxorubicin , Drosophila melanogaster , DipteraABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To establish classifiers to predict genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens using toxicogenomics methods, explore the effect of exposure time and validated the prediction performance of the classifiers. METHODS: The primary mouse hepatocyte model was treated for 24 and 48 h with two genotoxic carcinogens, aflatoxin Bl (AFB1), benzo(a) pyrene (BAP) and two non-genotoxic carcinogens, thioacetamide (TAA), wyeth-14643 (WY). The differentially expressed genes were input to prediction analysis for microarray (PAM) software to screen out classifiers. The functions and interrelations of genes in classifiers were studied by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and the protein-protein interactions were predicted using STRING database. Two additional carcinogens to validate the prediction performance of the classifiers were used. Finally, the experiment of QuantiGene Multiplex assay (Q-GP) to validate the microarray data was used. RESULTS: Forty-eight h classifiers had a better predicted capability than that of 24 h classifiers. p53 pathway, TNF-α signaling pathway, fatty acid metabolism, PPAR signaling pathway involved in the classifires were enriched by GSEA. Carcinogenic protein-protein interaction network and metabolism-related protein-protein interaction network are obtained using STRING database. The predicted probability of the two additional carcinogens using 48 h classifiers was nearly 100% and data between QuantiGene Multiplex assay and microarray assay had a high conformity. CONCLUSION: The classifiers which could be used to discriminate the potential genotoxic carcinogens and non-genotoxic carcinogens and to predict modes of action for unknown compounds, are successfully established and validated. This might be a promising candidate in vitro method for carcinogenicity study in the field of nonclinical safety evaluation of drugs.
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There has been no literature that reports a case of sino-nasal malignancy associated with polyurethane implants. However, several previous in vitro and animal model studies revealed that polyurethane implants may cause malignancy in body tissue. In this report, we describe a case of maxillary sinus spindle cell sarcoma diagnosed in a 59-year-old man who had undergone polyurethane nasal packing in the nasal cavity following endoscopic sinus surgery two years ago. Complete removal of the packing material was not confirmed as the patient has not returned for postoperative care. Although there are no direct evidence of association between this spindle cell sarcoma case and polyurethane nasal packing, surgeons should be alert to the complete removal of polyurethane nasal packing after sino-nasal surgery.
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Humans , Middle Aged , Maxillary Sinus , Models, Animal , Nasal Cavity , Polyurethanes , Postoperative Care , SarcomaABSTRACT
In the European Union, traditional herbal medicines that are regarded as "acceptably safe, albeit not having a recognized level of efficacy" fit into a special category of drugs ("traditional herbal medicine products") for which requirements of non-clinical and clinical studies are less rigorous. A regulation proposal published by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance (Anvisa) defines a similar drug category ("traditional phytotherapeutic products") for registration purposes. Regarding herbal medicines, both agencies seem to be lenient regarding proof of efficacy, and consider long-standing folk use as evidence of safety and a waiver of a thorough toxicological evaluation. Nonetheless, several herbal products and constituents with a long history of folk usage are suspected carcinogenic and/or hepatotoxic. Herbal products have also been shown to inhibit and/or induce drug-metabolizing enzymes. Since herbal medicines are often used in conjunction with conventional drugs, kinetic and clinical interactions are a cause for concern. A demonstration of the safety of herbal medicines for registration purposes should include at least in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays, long-term rodent carcinogenicity tests (for drugs intended to be continuously used for > 3 months or intermittently for > 6 months), reproductive and developmental toxicity studies (for drugs used by women of childbearing age), and investigation of the effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes.
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BACKGROUND:Stem celltumorigenicity is a practical issue concerning stability in the clinical application of stem cells. Therefore, it is particularly important to clear whether stem cells have tumorigenic ability or not. Nude mice occupy an increasingly important position in oncology, immunology, and safety evaluation of drugs and biological products. OBJECTIVE:To observe the tumorigenicity of neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells in Balb/c nude immunodeficient mice. METHODS:Balb/c nude mice were randomly divided into control group, negative group, positive group, neural stem cellgroup and mesenchymal stem cellgroup. HepG-2 cells, RPE cells, passage 4 neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice from different groups, respectively. After 12 weeks of injection, anatomical observation was performed to detect the tumor formation in the transplantation site. Meanwhile, soft agar colony formation assay was applied to investigate neural stem celland mesenchymal stem cellclone in vitro. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After 12 weeks of injection, the tumorigenicity study results showed that no tumor developed in the transplantation site in the control group, negative group, neural stem cellgroup and mesenchymal stem cellgroup. Histopathologic examinations also showed no abnormality in these groups. Soft agar colony formation assay showed in soft agar resistance medium, neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells did not exhibit clone ability. These findings indicate that neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells undergoing short-term passages have no tumorigenic growth.
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Objective To investigate the spontaneous neoplastic lesions and their incidences in rats .Methods Sixty male and 60 female specific pathogen-free Wistar rats (4-weeks old ) were used in this study .The rats were acclima-ted for 1 week prior to initiation of the experiment .They were fed with conventional feed for 104 weeks and then sacrificed for histopathological examination .Results Various neoplastic lesions of the rats and their incidences were analyzed and reported.For male rats, their total tumor incidence was 49.12%, the benign tumor incidence was 38.60%and the malig-nant tumor incidence was 17.54%.The benign neoplastic lesions mainly were pituitary adenoma ( 19.30%) , testis Leydig cell tumor (5.26%) and subcutaneous fibroma (5.26%).The malignant neoplastic lesions mainly were squamous cell carcinoma (7.02%) and lymphoid hematopoietic system tumors (3.51%).For female rats, their total tumor inci-dence was 60.34%, the benign tumor incidence was 50.00%and the malignant tumor incidence was 15.52%.The benign neoplastic lesions mainly were breast fibroadenoma (25.86%) and pituitary adenoma (24.14%).The malignant neoplas-tic lesions mainly were adenocarcinoma (5.17%) and breast cancer (3.45%).Conclusions The spontaneous neoplastic lesions and their incidences reported in this paper provide another data of the spontaneous tumors of SPF Wistar rats and may provide some reference for relevant technical staffs .
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BACKGROUND:Many scholars have experimental y confirmed the obvious effect of mesenchymal stem cells to repair radiation injury. OBJECTIVE:To preliminarily investigate the mechanism of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells promoting the healing of combined radiation-wound skin injury and whether they possess tumorigenicity in vitro. METHODS:Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, five rats in each group. The right buttock of rats (2.5 cm×2.0 cm) was irradiated with 40 Gyβ-rays produced by a linear accelerator, in which a round wound with a diameter of 1.5 cm was made. After 12 hours of modeling, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells at three concentrations (5.0×106, 1.0×107 and 2.0×107 ) were injected through tail vein of rats, and luciferin (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneal y. celldistribution in vivo was traced using IVIS in vivo imaging system. The ability of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells to form colonies was observed using the colony formation assay with soft agar. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells injected through tail vein of rats were mostly gathered in the lungs. cells were accumulated in the injured site of rats injected with 2.0×10 7 human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells;however, the fluorescence signal was not observed in the injured site of rats injected with 5.0×106 and 1.0×107 human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. The other results indicated human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells of low dose, medium dose and high dose had no colony formation on soft agar, but the tumor cells had a great ability to form colony. These findings indicate that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells promote healing combined radiation-wound skin injury by local migration and exhibit no tumorigenicity in vitro in a short period.
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Arsenic is a unique element with distinct physical characteristics and toxicity whose importance in public health is well recognized. The toxicity of arsenic varies across its different forms. While the carcinogenicity of arsenic has been confirmed, the mechanisms behind the diseases occurring after acute or chronic exposure to arsenic are not well understood. Inorganic arsenic has been confirmed as a human carcinogen that can induce skin, lung, and bladder cancer. There are also reports of its significant association to liver, prostate, and bladder cancer. Recent studies have also suggested a relationship with diabetes, neurological effects, cardiac disorders, and reproductive organs, but further studies are required to confirm these associations. The majority of research to date has examined cancer incidence after a high exposure to high concentrations of arsenic. However, numerous studies have reported various health effects caused by chronic exposure to low concentrations of arsenic. An assessment of the health effects to arsenic exposure has never been performed in the South Korean population; thus, objective estimates of exposure levels are needed. Data should be collected on the biological exposure level for the total arsenic concentration, and individual arsenic concentration by species. In South Korea, we believe that biological exposure assessment should be the first step, followed by regular health effect assessments.
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Female , Humans , Male , Arsenic/toxicity , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Environmental Exposure , Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Neoplasms/chemically induced , Reproduction/drug effectsABSTRACT
Arsenic is a unique element with distinct physical characteristics and toxicity whose importance in public health is well recognized. The toxicity of arsenic varies across its different forms. While the carcinogenicity of arsenic has been confirmed, the mechanisms behind the diseases occurring after acute or chronic exposure to arsenic are not well understood. Inorganic arsenic has been confirmed as a human carcinogen that can induce skin, lung, and bladder cancer. There are also reports of its significant association to liver, prostate, and bladder cancer. Recent studies have also suggested a relationship with diabetes, neurological effects, cardiac disorders, and reproductive organs, but further studies are required to confirm these associations. The majority of research to date has examined cancer incidence after a high exposure to high concentrations of arsenic. However, numerous studies have reported various health effects caused by chronic exposure to low concentrations of arsenic. An assessment of the health effects to arsenic exposure has never been performed in the South Korean population; thus, objective estimates of exposure levels are needed. Data should be collected on the biological exposure level for the total arsenic concentration, and individual arsenic concentration by species. In South Korea, we believe that biological exposure assessment should be the first step, followed by regular health effect assessments.
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Female , Humans , Male , Arsenic/toxicity , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Environmental Exposure , Environmental Pollutants/toxicity , Neoplasms/chemically induced , Reproduction/drug effectsABSTRACT
Background: Inflammation is a common phenomenon present in gastric mucosa of patients infected with H. pylori. Activation of the RAGE/multiligand axis is thought to be a relevant factor in cancer-mediated inflammation. RAGE is a membrane receptor, belonging to the immunoglobulin family, and the over-expression of RAGE has been associated with increased invasiveness and metastasis generation in different types of cancer, including gastric cancer. Furthermore recent experiences show that the use of its soluble form (sRAGE) or silencing of the gene coding for this receptor could provide therapeutic benefits in cancer. Aim: To evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of RAGE, MUC-1, β-Catenin free and phosphorylated, Cyclin-D1 and GSK3 in gastric biopsy specimens infected with H. pylori. Material and Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out in gastric biopsies from 138 patients: 55 with inflammatory injury (no atrophic gastritis), 42 with pre-cancerous conditions (atrophy or intestinal metaplasia) and 41 with dysplastic lesions or in situ adenocarcinoma. Results: There was a high rate of positive RAGE expression in the three groups of biopsies. Biopsies with dysplasia or in situ carcinoma had a significantly higher percentage of RAGE expression than the other groups of biopsies. Conclusions: The increased RAGE expression reported in both dysplasia and incipient cancer support the role of the multiligand/RAGE axis in gastric carcinogenesis.